Archive / Volume LXXVIII 2025

Liliya BAZYLYAK^1,2, Pavlo LYUTYY³,Yaroslav PILYUK¹, Ihor HALATYN¹, Andriy KYTSYA^{1, 2}

¹Department of Physical Chemistry of Fossil Fuels of the Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry and Coal Chemistry named after L. М. Lytvynenko of the National academy of Ukraine, Naukova Str., 3а, 79060 Lviv, Ukraine
e-mail: bazylyak.liliya@gmail.com

²Physico-Mechanical Institute named after G. V. Karpenko National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Naukova Str., 5, 79060 Lviv, Ukraine

³Lviv Polytechnic National University, Bandery Str., 12, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine

DOI:

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF 3-(5-PHENYLPYRROL-2-YL)-PROPANOIC ACID

The influence of the stirring speed, the application of external magnetic and ultrasonic fields on the structure and properties of nickel nanoparticles (Ni-NPs) synthesized under heterogeneous nucleation conditions was investigated. Using electron microscopy and X-ray powder diffraction methods, it was confirmed that the average diameter of Ni-NPs and the size of nickel crystallites practically do not depend on the synthesis conditions. The results of studies using scanning electron microscopy showed that nickel nanopowders obtained at different stirring speeds, as well as with the application of external magnetic and ultrasonic fields, are practically monodisperse with a particle size from 150 to 200 nm. At the same time, with the simultaneous application of magnetic and ultrasonic fields, the size of Ni-NPs is in the range from 100 to 400 nm, and the formation of continuous agglomerates with a thickness of 300–500 nm and a length of 1–3 μm is also observed. The obtained samples were studied using the X-ray powder diffraction method. There are no unidentified peaks in the diffractograms, which confirms the absence of nickel hydroxide residues. At the same time, some broadening of the diffraction peaks is observed, which can be due to both the small size of nickel crystallites and the presence of internal mechanical stresses caused by surface defects, packing, dislocations, etc. Therefore, the sizes of nickel crystallites and the relative values of the mechanical stresses of the samples were calculated using the Scherer and Williamson-Gall equations. Analysis of the Ni-NPs diffractograms showed that the values of the mechanical stresses caused by crystal packing defects increase with increasing stirring speed and under the conditions of the reaction in an ultrasonic field. The electrical conductivity of nickel nanopowders was studied and it was found that the values of the specific electrical conductivity in logarithmic coordinates linearly depend on the relative values of the mechanical stresses of Ni-NPs. It was found that the values of the specific electrical conductivity of nanopowders do not depend on either the particle size or the size of the Ni-NPs crystallites. At the same time, it was unexpectedly found that in logarithmic coordinates linearly depends on the relative values of the mechanical stresses of Ni-NPs.

Keywords: nickel nanoparticles, magnetic field, ultrasound, Williams-Hall equation.

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